Total Wrist Arthrodesis: A Preoperative Test to Predict Functional Outcomes / Artrodese total do punho: Um teste pré-operatório para prever resultados funcionais

Abstract Objective The study aims to demonstrate an evaluation method to predict the functional success of total wrist arthrodesis (TWA) and assist its indication. Methods A prospective study including ten patients submitted to (TWA) posttraumatic arthritis. Exclusion criteria were patients who lost postoperative follow-up or incomplete information in the medical record. The objective functional assessment (handgrip strength, three-point pinch, lateral pinch and pulp-pulp pinch) and the subjective functional assessment (DASH, PRWE, EVA) were evaluated in 3 different periods: (1) Before surgery without articular anesthesia, (2) Before surgery under articular anesthesia and (3) 12 weeks after the surgical procedure. Results There was an increase in handgrip strength in all three pinches measurements after pain relief, both after joint anesthesia and after the consolidation of the arthrodesis (p < 0.05). In the comparisons between the subjective evaluations (DASH, PRWE and VAS), the patients had better scores in the postoperative evaluation after 12 weeks (p < 0.05). There was no statistical difference when comparing the mean strength values found after anesthesia and after 12 weeks of TWA. Conclusion the outcomes could propose an assessment protocol for patients with indication for TWA, in which patients with good response to intra-articular anesthetic infiltration would benefit from the effects of the surgical procedure.

Resumo Objetivo O estudo tem como objetivo demonstrar um método de avaliação para predizer o sucesso funcional da artrodese total do punho (ATP) e auxiliar na sua indicação. Métodos Um estudo prospectivo incluindo dez pacientes submetidos a ATP por artrite pós-traumática. Os critérios de exclusão foram pacientes que perderam o acompanhamento pós-operatório ou informações incompletas no prontuário. A avaliação funcional objetiva (força de preensão manual, pinça de três pontos, pinça lateral e pinça polpa-a-polpa) e a avaliação funcional subjetiva (DASH, PRWE, EVA) foram avaliadas em 3 momentos diferentes: (1) Antes da cirurgia sem anestesia articular, (2) Antes da cirurgia sob anestesia articular e (3) 12 semanas após o procedimento cirúrgico. Resultados Houve aumento da força de preensão palmar nas três medidas de pinça após o alívio da dor, tanto após a anestesia articular quanto após a consolidação da artrodese (p < 0,05). Nas comparações entre as avaliações subjetivas (DASH, PRWE e VAS), os pacientes tiveram melhores escores na avaliação pós-operatória após 12 semanas (p < 0,05). Não houve diferença estatística ao comparar os valores médios de força encontrados após a anestesia e após 12 semanas de ATP.

Use of Smartphones as a Risk Factor for the Development of Morbidities in the Wrist and Fingers / Uso de smartphones como fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de morbidades no punho e nos dedos*

Abstract Objective To investigate the long-term use of smartphones as a risk factor for the development of morbidities in the wrist and fingers. Methods The present is a descriptive, exploratory study with a quantitative approach based on injury prevalence among one hundred smartphone users of a private university in the state of Pernambuco, Northeastern Brazil. We applied a semi-structured questionnaire and the Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire (BCTQ), as well as the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and the Finkelstein, Phalen, reverse Phalen, and Tinel signal tests on the wrist. Results The average of the sample was of 22.73 years, with a prevalence of single, right-handed female participants. Most of them had been using smartphones for 5 to 10 years, and 85% reported discomfort in the wrist and fingers while using the device, with numbness as the most prevalent symptom. Most clinical tests were negative, and the Finklestein test showed greater positivity. The BCTQ is composed of a symptom severity scale (S scale) and a functional status scale (F scale): the overall score on the S scale was of 1.61, indicating mild to moderate symptoms, and the F scale revealed that the symptoms did not affect functionality. Conclusion There was a significant correlation between the length of use of smartphones and discomfort in the wrist and fingers; as such, smartphones are a risk factor for the development of morbidities.

Resumo Objetivo Investigar o uso de smartphones em longo prazo como fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de morbidades no nível do punho e dos dedos. Métodos Realizou-se um estudo descritivo, exploratório, de abordagem quantitativa, para a obtenção de medidas de prevalência com cem acadêmicos usuários de smartphones de uma faculdade privada localizada no sertão de Pernambuco. Foram aplicados um questionário semiestruturado e o Questionário de Síndrome doTúnel do Carpo de Boston (Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire, BCTQ, na sigla em inglês), além da Escala Visual Analógica (EVA) e dos testes de Finkesltein, Phalen, Phalen reverso, e sinal de Tinel no punho. Resultados A idade média da amostra foi de 22,73 anos, com prevalência de solteiros, de destros, e do sexo feminino. O tempo de uso do smartphone indicado pela maioria dos participantes era entre 5 e 10 anos, e 85% da amostra relatou já ter sentido desconforto no punho e nos dedos durante o uso do aparelho, sendo a dormência o sintoma mais prevalente. Com relação aos testes clínicos, houve prevalência de resultados negativos, e o de Finklestein apresentou maior positividade. Quanto ao BCTQ, dividido em duas escalas, uma de gravidade dos sintomas (escala G) e uma de estado funcional (escala F), a média geral das pontuações foi de 1,61 na escala G, o que indica sintomas de leve a moderados, já a escala F revelou que os sintomas não afetavam a funcionalidade. Conclusão Foi possível observar uma correlação significativa entre o tempo de uso dos smartphones e a presença de desconforto no punho e nos dedos, o que indica que se trata de um fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de morbidades.

Percutaneous Suspensory Stabilization of Chronic Distal Radioulnar Joint (DRUJ) Dislocation Using an Adjustable Loop Endobutton Construct: Case Report / Fixação suspensiva percutânea de luxação crônica da articulação radioulnar distal (ARUD) usando um dispositivo de endobutton de laço ajustável: Relato de caso

Abstract Chronic distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) dislocation has been treated historically with complex osteotomies and reconstructive procedures, often resulting in intractable stiffness and loss of function. It is desirable to use a technique of fixation that will not only restore the wrist biomechanics but also be cosmetically appealing to the individual. We present a novel technique of reduction and fixation of a chronically dislocated DRUJ in a 26-year-old male using a minimally invasive approach, with successful restoration of DRUJ function and no postoperative complications.

Resumo Luxação crônica da articulação radioulnar distal (ARUD) foi tratada historicamente com osteotomias complexas e procedimentos reconstrutivos, geralmente resultando em rigidez intratável e perda de função. É desejável usar uma técnica de fixação que não apenas restaure a biomecânica do punho, mas também seja esteticamente atraente para o indivíduo. Apresentamos uma nova técnica de redução e fixação de uma ARUD deslocada cronicamente em um homem de 26 anos, usando uma abordagem minimamente invasiva, com restauração bem-sucedida da função da ARUD e sem complicações pós-operatórias.

Exploration of family rehabilitation model for children with scar contracture after hand burns / 中华烧伤杂志

Objective: To explore the family rehabilitation model for children with scar contracture after hand burns and observe its efficacy. Methods: A retrospective non-randomized controlled study was conducted. From March 2020 to March 2021, 30 children with scar contracture after deep partial-thickness to full-thickness burns of hands, who met the inclusion criteria, were hospitalized in the Burn Center of PLA of the First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University. According to the rehabilitation model adopted, 18 children (23 affected hands) were included in a group mainly treated by family rehabilitation (hereinafter referred to as family rehabilitation group), and 12 children (15 affected hands) were included in another group mainly treated by hospital rehabilitation (hereinafter referred to as hospital rehabilitation group). In the former group, there were 11 males and 7 females, aged (4.8±2.1) years, who began rehabilitation treatment (3.1±0.8) d after wound healing; in the latter group, there were 7 males and 5 females, aged (4.6±2.1) years, who began rehabilitation treatment (2.8±0.7) d after wound healing. The children in hospital rehabilitation group mainly received active and passive rehabilitation training in the hospital, supplemented by independent rehabilitation training after returning home; after 1-2 weeks of active and passive rehabilitation training in the hospital, the children in family rehabilitation group received active and passive rehabilitation training at home under the guidance of rehabilitation therapists through WeChat platform. Both groups of children were treated for 6 months. During the treatment, they wore pressure gloves and used hand flexion training belts and finger splitting braces. Before treatment and after 6 months of treatment, the modified Vancouver scar scale, the total active movement of the hand method, and Carroll quantitative test of upper extremity function were used to score/rate the scar of the affected hand (with the difference of scar score between before treatment and after treatment being calculated), the joint range of motion (with excellent and good ratio being calculated), and the function of the affected limb, respectively. Data were statistically analyzed with independent sample t test, equivalence test, Fisher's exact probability test, and Mann-Whitney U test. Results: The differences of scar scores of the affected hands of children in family rehabilitation group and hospital rehabilitation group between after 6 months of treatment and those before treatment were 3.0 (2.0, 7.0) and 3.0 (2.0, 8.0) respectively (with 95% confidence interval of 2.37-5.38 and 1.95-5.91). The 95% confidence interval of the difference between the differences of the two groups was -2.43-2.21, which was within the equivalent boundary value of -3-3 (P<0.05). The excellent and good ratios of joint range of motion of the affected hand of children in family rehabilitation group and hospital rehabilitation group were 3/23 and 2/15 respectively before treatment, and 15/23 and 12/15 respectively after 6 months of treatment. The ratings of joint range of motion of the affected hand of children in family rehabilitation group and hospital rehabilitation group after 6 months of treatment were significantly higher than those before treatment (with Z values of 3.58 and 2.30, respectively, P<0.05), but the ratings of joint range of motion of the affected hand between the two groups were similar before treatment and after 6 months of treatment (with Z values of 0.39 and 0.55, respectively, P>0.05). The functional ratings of the affected limbs of children in family rehabilitation group and hospital rehabilitation group after 6 months of treatment were significantly higher than those before treatment (with Z values of 3.98 and 3.51, respectively, P<0.05), but the functional ratings of the affected limbs between the two groups were similar before treatment and after 6 months of treatment (with Z values of 1.27 and 0.38, respectively, P>0.05). Conclusions: The WeChat platform assisted rehabilitation treatment with mainly family rehabilitation, combined with hand flexion and extension brace can effectively reduce the scarring after children's hand burns, improve the joint range of motion of the affected hands, and promote the recovery of affected limb function. The effect is similar to that of hospital-based rehabilitation providing an optional rehabilitation, treatment method for children who cannot continue to receive treatment in hospital.

Treatment of acute non-displaced scaphoid fracture of wrist with syringe needle-guided percutaneous cannulated headless hollow compression screw internal fixation / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the clinical efficacy of needle-guided percutaneous cannulated compression screw fixation in the treatment of acute non-displaced scaphoid fracture of wrist.@*METHODS@#The clinic data of twenty-eight patients with acute non-displaced scaphoid fracture from January 2014 to January 2019 were analyzed retrospectively. According to the intraoperative method of placement of cannulated screw, they were divided into Guide group(16 patients)and Conventional group(12 patients). There were 13 males and 3 females in Guide group, aged from 20 to 60 years old with an average of(31.42±9.71)years old;5 patients were classified as type A2, 3 patients were classified as type B1 and 8 patients were classified as type B2 according to Herbert classification;they were treated with percutaneous cannulated compression screw fixation under the guidance of needle. There were 11 males and 1 female in Conventional group, aged from 23 to 61 years old with an average of(30.51±7.52)years old;5 patients were classified as type A2, 2 patients were classified as type B1 and 5 patients were classified as type B2 according to Herbert classification;they were treated with conventional percutaneous cannulated compression screw fixation. The operation time, screw angle relative to the longitudinal axis of the scaphoid and wrist function score were assessed and compared between the two groups.@*RESULTS@#A total of 28 patients were followed up from 20 to 45 months with an average of (33.00±8.72) months. None of patients had intraoperative complication and incision infection. These patients returned to work gradually 2 weeks after operation, and all fractures healed within 12 weeks. The operation time in the Guide group was significantly less than that in the Conventinal group(P<0.05). Screw angle relative to the longitudinal axis of the scaphoid in the Guide group was significantly smaller than that in the Conventional group(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in Mayo wrist function scores at the last follow-up between the two groups(P>0.05). During the follow-up period, none of the 28 patients showed internal fixation displacement, arthritis, scaphoid necrosis and other complications.@*CONCLUSION@#In the treatment of acute non-displaced scaphoid fractures, the operation time of needle-guided percutaneous cannulated headless compression screw fixation is significantly shorter than that of conventional percutaneous screw fixation, and the screw axis is easier to be parallel to the longitudinal axis of the scaphoid.

Outcomes of the Management of Distal Radius Fractures in the Last 5 Years: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials / Resultados do manejo de fraturas do rádio distal nos últimos 5 anos: metanálise de ensaios clínicos controlados e randomizados

Abstract Objective Over the last decades, volar locking plates (VLPs) have been the mainstay treatment for distal radius fractures (DRFs). With the growing body of evidence, we systematically reviewed studies on recent VLP modifications. Methods A systematic search was performed in the PubMed/MEDLINE database for studies published in English in the past five years. The inclusion criteria were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the operative treatment of DRFs. We excluded ongoing trials and studies not directly addressing DRF. The primary outcomes assessed were subjective (such as the scores on the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand [DASH] questionnaire, the Patient-rated Wrist Evaluation [PRWE], the European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions [EQ-5D], the 36-item Short Form Health Survey [SF-36], and the Visual Analog Scale [VAS]) and objective clinical outcomes (the complication rate). Results We identified 29 articles published from 2016 to 2020 with high quality of evidence, except for one, which had evidence of moderate quality. In total, 3,079 DRFs were analyzed in the present study. All studies except one had a greater proportion of female participants, and only in 1 study the mean age of the sample was < 40 years old. There were no significant differences between the VLP and external fixation (EF) in terms of the scores on the DASH (p= 0.18) and PRWE (p= 0.77). The VLP alone without pronator quadratus (PQ) repair yielded significantly better outcomes. Conclusion In unstable fractures, the VLP and EF yielded comparable long-term results. There is no clear benefit of adding PQ repair to current the VLP surgical technique. Level of EvidenceLevel I

Resumo Objetivo Nas últimas décadas, a placa volar bloqueada (PVB) tem sido o tratamento principal para fraturas do rádio distal (FRDs). Com o crescente conjunto de evidências, revisamos sistematicamente estudos sobre modificações recentes na PVB. Métodos Uma pesquisa sistemática foi realizada utilizando o banco de dados PubMed/MEDLINE por estudos publicados em inglês nos últimos cinco anos. Os critérios de inclusão foram ensaios clínicos controlados e randomizados (ECCRs) sobre o tratamento cirúrgico de FRDs. Excluímos ensaios e estudos em andamento que não abordavam diretamente a FRD. Os desfechos primários avaliados foram desfechos clínicos subjetivos (como as pontuações no questionário de Deficiências do Braço, Ombro e Mão [Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand, DASH, em inglês], na Avaliação do Punho Classificada pelo Paciente [Patient-rated Wrist Evaluation, PRWE, em inglês], no questionário Qualidade de Vida Europeia - 5 Dimensões [European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions, EQ-5D, em inglês], na Pesquisa de Saúde por Formulário Curto de 36 Itens [36-item Short Form Health Survey, SF-36, em inglês], e na Escala Visual Analógica [EVA]) e objetivos (taxa de complicações). Resultados Identificamos 29 artigos publicados entre 2016 e 2020 com alta qualidade de evidência, exceto por um, de qualidade moderada. Ao todo, foram analisadas 3.079 FRDs neste estudo, Todos os estudos analisados, exceto por um, tinham maior proporção de participantes do gênero feminino, e somente em 1 estudo a idade média da amostra foi < 40 anos. Não houve diferença significativa entre a PVB e fixação externa (FE) em termos das pontuações no DASH (p= 0,18) e na PRWE (p= 0,77). Os resultados da PVB isolada, sem qualquer reparo do pronador quadrado (PQ), foram significativamente melhores. Conclusão Em fraturas instáveis, a PVB e a FE produziram resultados comparáveis no longo prazo. Não há um benefício claro em se adicionar reparo do PQ à técnica cirúrgica atual da PVB. Nível de EvidênciaNível I

Evaluation of Intra- and Interobserver Reproducibility of the New AO/OTA Classification for Distal Radius Fractures Compared with the Fernandez Classification / Avaliação da reprodutibilidade intra- e interobservador da nova classificação AO/OTA para fraturas distais do rádio comparada com a classificação de Fernandez

Abstract Objective To evaluate the inter- and intraobserver reliability and reproducibility of the new AO/OTA 2018 classification for distal radius fractures and to compare it with the Fernandez classification system. Method A questionnaire was applied in the Qualtrics software on 10 specialists in hand surgery who classified 50 radiographs of distal radius fractures according to the Fernandez and AO/OTA 2018 classifications and, subsequently, indicated their treatment. The questionnaire was applied in time T0 and repeated after 4 weeks (t1). The mean agreement between the answers, and the reliability and inter- and intraobserver reproducibility were analyzed using kappa indexes. Results The mean interobserver agreement in the Fernandez classification was 76.4, and it was 59.2% in the AO/OTA 2018 classification. The intraobserver agreements were 77.3 and 56.6%, respectively. The inter- and intraobserver kappa indexes for the Fernandez classification were 0.57 and 0.55, respectively, and, in the AO/OTA 2018 classification, they were 0.34 and 0.31, respectively. Conclusion The AO/OTA 2018 classification showed a low intra- and interobserver reproducibility when compared with the Fernandez classification. However, both classifications have low intra- and interobserver indexes. Although the Fernandez classification did not obtain excellent results, it remains with better agreement for routine use.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a confiabilidade e a reprodutibilidade inter- e intraobservadores da nova classificação AO/OTA 2018 para fraturas distais do rádio e compará-la com o sistema classificatório de Fernandez. Métodos Foi aplicado um questionário no software Qualtrics em 10 especialistas em cirurgia da mão que classificaram 50 radiografias de fraturas distais de rádio de acordo com as classificações de Fernandez e AO/OTA 2018 e, posteriormente, indicaram seu tratamento. Esse questionário foi aplicado em tempo T0 e repetido após 4 semanas (t1). Analisou-se a média de concordância entre as respostas e confiabilidade e reprodutibilidade inter- e intraobservadores utilizando os índices kappa. Resultados A concordância média interobservador para a classificação de Fernandez foi de 76,4, e de 59,2% para a AO/OTA 2018. A concordância intraobservador foi de 77,3 e 56,6%, respectivamente. O índice de kappa inter- e intraobservador para a classificação de Fernandez foram de 0,57 e de 0,55, respectivamente, e a classificação AO/OTA 2018 obteve 0,34 e 0,31, respectivamente. Conclusão A classificação AO/OTA 2018 mostrou uma reprodutibilidade intra- e interobservadores baixa quando comparada à classificação de Fernandez. Porém, ambas as classificações apresentam índices intra- e interobservadores baixos. Embora a classificação de Fernandez não tenha obtido resultados excelentes, ela permanece com melhor concordância para o uso rotineiro.

Tendinitis cálcica atraumática de tendón extensor común del dedo medio: un caso infrecuente de dolor metacarpofalángico / Atraumatic calcium tendonitis of common extensor tendon of the middle finger: a rare case of metacarpophalangeal pain

Calcific tendinitis is a pathology characterized by the deposits of periarticular hydroxyapatite. Its pathophysiology is not completely known. It is clinically characterized by important inflammatory changes with incapacitating pain. It most commonly affects the shoulder joint and it rarely affects the hand and wrist. Given the unusual nature of this localization, we present the clinical case of a woman who developed calcific tendinitis of the third metacarpophalangeal muscle. We present the clinical evolution of the case, the treatments carried out, and a review of the literature related to this unusual localization of calcific tendinitis.

Isolated distal pisiform dislocation: Case Report / Luxação distal isolada do pisiforme: Relato de caso

Abstract Isolated pisiform dislocation is a rare lesion with few cases described in the literature. This type of lesion is typically observed in young males and can be easily overlooked at first assessment. Isolated proximal dislocation is more common due to the action of the flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) muscle. We present the case of a 19-year-old male patient with isolated distal pisiform dislocation after wrist trauma. He underwent open reduction and internal fixation with Kirschner wires with excellent functional outcomes. Although there is no consensual therapeutic method, closed reduction is a first-line treatment for acute presentations. Pisiform open reduction or excision may be performed alternatively or after a failed closed reduction.

Resumo A luxação isolada do pisiforme é uma lesão rara com poucos casos descritos na literatura. Esse tipo de lesão é observado tipicamente em adultos jovens do sexo masculino e pode ser facilmente negligenciada numa primeira avaliação. A luxação proximal isolada é mais comum devido à ação do flexor ulnar do carpo (FUC). Apresentamos o caso de um paciente do sexo masculino, com 19 anos de idade, com luxação distal isolada do pisiforme após traumatismo do punho. O paciente foi submetido a uma redução aberta e fixação interna com fios de Kirschner com excelente resultado funcional. Apesar de não existir um método de tratamento consensual, a redução fechada perfila-se como tratamento de primeira linha na apresentação aguda. Em caso de insucesso ou como método alternativo pode-se optar pela redução aberta ou a excisão do pisiforme.

Use of the Triquetrum-Hamate Portal in FourCorner Wrist Fusion: A Useful Technical Trick / Uso do portal piramidal-hamato na fusão de punho de quatro cantos: Um bom truque técnico

Abstract Arthroscopy-assisted partial wrist-fusion techniques are becoming more popular nowadays. It became clearer that avoiding the violation of important ligament and tendinous structures - which is impossible when using the classic open techniques - enables a more biological approach, which is essential for faster healing and improvement in function. We describe the use of the triquetrum-hamate (TH) portal, which is seldomly applied in routine arthroscopic techniques for hand and wrist surgery, as an accessory portal to better perform anterior midcarpal debridement in four-corner fusion. This trick enables an almost complete anterior resection of the capitate and hamate chondral surfaces, increasing the subchondral osseous contact in the midcarpal joint after fixation, thus leading to higher consolidation rates.

Resumo As técnicas de fusão parcial do punho assistidas por artroscopia estão se tornando mais populares. Ficou claro que evitar a violação de importantes estruturas ligamentares e tendíneas, o que é imposssível com as técnicas abertas clássicas, permite uma abordagem mais biológica, essencial para a cicatrização mais rápida e melhora da função. Descrevemos o uso do portal piramidal-hamato (PH), raramente aplicado em técnicas artroscópicas de rotina para cirurgia de mão e punho, como portal acessório para melhor execução do desbridamento carpal medial anterior na fusão de quatro cantos. Esse truque possibilita a ressecção anterior quase completa das superfícies condrais do capitato e do hamato, o que aumenta o contato ósseo subcondral na articulação mesocárpica após a fixação e eleva as taxas de consolidação.

Fracturas metafisarias de radio distal desplazadas en el esqueleto en crecimiento: ¿cuál es el mejor método terapéutico? revisión bibliográfica sistematizada / Displaced distal radius metaphyseal fractures in the growing skeleton: what is the best therapeutic method? systematized bibliographic review / Fraturas metafisárias do rádio distal deslocadas no esqueleto em crescimento: qual é o melhor método terapêutico? revisão bibliográfica sistematizada

Introducción: Las fracturas metafisarias de radio distal son las fracturas más frecuentes en la edad pediátrica, siendo 30% del total de las mismas. Mantener la reducción de las fracturas desplazadas no siempre es posible: el re-desplazamiento es la principal complicación de estas lesiones. Clásicamente se realizó tratamiento con maniobra y yeso, aunque en los últimos años se asoció fijación con Kirschner wire (Kw) en búsqueda de disminuir el re-desplazamiento. El objetivo de nuestro trabajo es identificar factores de riesgo en búsqueda de realizar el mejor tratamiento siendo lo menos agresivo posible. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda sistematizada a través del buscador electrónico PubMed. La misma alcanzó un total de 4594 artículos, que de acuerdo con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión se seleccionaron 15 trabajos para realizar nuestra revisión bibliográfica. Resultados: Se destaca que la mayoría de los artículos encontrados son de nivel de evidencia III y IV. Nuestra búsqueda refleja un índice de re-desplazamiento entre 20-39% mediante yeso a las 2 semanas; asi como un índice de re-manipulación entre el 5-10 % del total de las fracturas desplazadas. La mayoría de los estudios analizados intentan identificar los factores de riesgo más importantes para el re-desplazamiento de las fracturas, de lo que se destacan el grado de desplazamiento inicial de la fractura y la reducción lograda de la misma. A su vez, otros artículos valoran los resultados del tratamiento mediante estabilización con yeso o fijación mediante Kirschner wire. Conclusión: el desplazamiento inicial de la fractura y la reducción lograda en block quirúrgico (BQ) son los factores de riesgo más importantes para el re-desplazamiento. Si bien la técnica de enyesado no es considerado una variable estadísticamente significativa, es considerada una variable importante en cuanto al pronóstico de la lesión, destacando al moldeado de 3 puntos como principal índice a considerar. Se considera aconsejable asociar un Kw en aquellas fracturas cabalgadas en las que no se logra una reducción anatómica en block quirúrgico.

Introduction: Distal radius metaphyseal fractures are the most frequent fractures in pediatric age, accounting for 30% of the total. Maintaining the reduction of displaced fractures is not always possible: re-displacement is the main complication of these injuries. Classically, treatment was performed with a maneuver and a cast, although in recent years fixation with Kirschner wire (Kw) has been associated in search of reducing re-displacement. The objective of our work is to identify risk factors in search of the best treatment while being the least aggressive possible. Materials and methods: A systematic search was carried out using the PubMed electronic search engine. It reached a total of 4594 articles, which according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 15 papers were selected for our bibliographic review. Results: It should be noted that most of the articles found are level of evidence III and IV. Our search reflects a re-displacement rate between 20-39% using a cast at 2 weeks; as well as a re-manipulation index between 5-10% of all displaced fractures. Most of the studies analyzed attempt to identify the most important risk factors for the re-displacement of fractures, of which the degree of initial displacement of the fracture and the reduction achieved are highlighted. In turn, other articles assess the results of treatment by stabilization with plaster or fixation with Kirschner wire. Conclusion: the initial displacement of the fracture and the reduction achieved in the surgical block (BQ) are the most important risk factors for re-displacement. Although the casting technique is not considered a statistically significant variable, it is considered an important variable in terms of the prognosis of the injury, highlighting the 3-point casting as the main index to be considered. It is considered advisable to associate a Kw in those mounted fractures in which an anatomical reduction in surgical block is not achieved.

Introdução: As fraturas metafisárias do rádio distal são as mais frequentes na idade pediátrica, correspondendo a 30% do total. Manter a redução das fraturas desviadas nem sempre é possível: o deslocamento é a principal complicação dessas lesões. Classicamente, o tratamento era realizado com manobra e gesso, embora nos últimos anos a fixação com fio de Kirschner (Kw) tenha sido associada na busca pela redução do deslocamento. O objetivo do nosso trabalho é identificar os fatores de risco em busca do melhor tratamento sendo o menos agressivo possível. Materiais e métodos: uma busca sistemática foi realizada usando o mecanismo de busca eletrônico PubMed. Chegou-se a um total de 4.594 artigos, que de acordo com os critérios de inclusão e exclusão, foram selecionados 15 artigos para nossa revisão bibliográfica. Resultados: Ressalta-se que a maioria dos artigos encontrados são de nível de evidência III e IV. Nossa pesquisa reflete uma taxa de re-deslocamento entre 20-39% usando um gesso em 2 semanas; bem como um índice de remanipulação entre 5-10% de todas as fraturas deslocadas. A maioria dos estudos analisados ​​busca identificar os fatores de risco mais importantes para o deslocamento das fraturas, que incluem o grau de deslocamento inicial da fratura e a redução alcançada. Por sua vez, outros artigos avaliam os resultados do tratamento com estabilização gessada ou fixação com fio de Kirschner. Conclusão: o deslocamento inicial da fratura e a redução alcançada no bloqueio cirúrgico (QB) são os fatores de risco mais importantes para o deslocamento. Embora a técnica de gesso não seja considerada uma variável estatisticamente significativa, é considerada uma variável importante em termos de prognóstico da lesão, destacando-se o gesso em 3 pontos como o principal índice a ser considerado. Considera-se aconselhável associar um Kw nas fraturas montadas em que não se consegue redução anatômica no bloqueio cirúrgico.

Diagnostic Failure Rate in Detecting Perilunate Carpal Fractures and Dislocations Using Plain Wrist X-Rays / Índice de falha diagnóstica na detecção de fraturas e luxações perilunares do carpo utilizando radiografias simples do punho

Abstract Objectives The present study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic failure rate in detecting perilunate fractures and dislocations using plain wrist radiographs by orthopedists and orthopedic residents. A secondary objective was to identify possible groups with a greater or lesser chance of establishing a correct diagnosis. Methods An online questionnaire was sent to several orthopedists through e-mail, social networks, and smartphone-based communication applications to assess the rate of diagnostic failure in detecting perilunate fractures and dislocations using plain radiographs. Results A total of 511 responses was obtained, with a diagnostic error rate of 8.81% for simple dislocations and 1.76% for trans-scaphoid perilunate fractures. Group stratification showed that residents presented the highest error rates in simple perilunate dislocations (23.91%), whereas hand surgeons presented the lowest error rates (1.74%). Conclusion Compared with the literature, the failure rates found were lower, suggesting that plain radiography is effective and that the error rate may not be as high as reported.

Resumo Objetivos O presente estude teve como objetivo avaliar o índice de falha diagnóstica na detecção de fraturas e luxações perilunares do carpo utilizando radiografias simples do punho por ortopedistas e residentes de ortopedia. Secundariamente, identificar possíveis grupos que apresentem maior ou menor chance de acerto diagnóstico. Métodos Foi aplicado um questionário online a diversos ortopedistas através de e-mail, redes sociais e aplicativos de comunicação via smartphone, para avaliar o índice de falha diagnóstica na detecção de fraturas e luxações perilunares utilizando radiografias simples. Resultados Foram obtidas 511 respostas e observado um índice de erro diagnóstico de 8,81% para as luxações simples e 1,76% para fratura transescafoperilunar. Ao estratificar por grupos, os médicos residentes obtiveram os maiores índices de erro nas luxações perilunares simples (23,91%), já os cirurgiões de mão obtiveram os índices mais baixos (1,74%). Conclusão Ao comparar com a literatura, os índices de falha encontrados foram menores, sugerindo que a radiografia simples é eficaz e que o índice de erro pode não ser tão elevado quanto o relatado na literatura.

Resultados del anclaje foveal artroscópico sin nudo del complejo del fibrocartílago triangular en lesiones Atzei 2/3 / Results of the knotless arthroscopic foveal anchorage of the triangular fibrocartilage complex in Atzei 2/3 lesions

Objetivo: Evaluar, en forma retrospectiva, la función y los resultados objetivos de los pacientes con lesión foveal del complejo del fibrocartílago triangular mediante anclaje óseo sin nudo artroscópico. Materiales y métodos: Se evaluó, en forma retrospectiva, a 12 pacientes con lesión foveal del complejo del fibrocartílago triangular Atzei 2/3 y un seguimiento promedio de 18 meses. Todas las lesiones se repararon con artroscopia mediante la guía de fibrocartílago y anclaje óseo sin nudo. Se evaluaron los rangos de movilidad y la fuerza de agarre con la escala de muñeca de la Clínica Mayo y el cuestionario DASH. Resultados: Se obtuvieron mejoras en la prueba del dolor y la fuerza; el rango de movilidad promedio fue de 70° de extensión, 85° de flexión, 20° de desviación radial y 30° de desviación cubital. Los resultados según la escala de muñeca de la Clínica Mayo fueron excelentes en el 83% y buenos en el 17%, no hubo resultados malos. El puntaje promedio del cuestionario DASH fue 56 en el preoperatorio y 8 en el posoperatorio. El promedio de la fuerza comparativa contralateral fue del 70%. Conclusiones: La reparación artroscópica de las lesiones Atzei 2/3 mediante anclaje óseo sin nudo logra buenos resultados, mejora los rangos de movilidad, recupera la estabilidad en todos los casos y la fuerza total o parcial. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Objective: To retrospectively evaluate the functional and objective outcomes in patients with foveal lesions of the triangular fibrocartilage complex treated with arthroscopic knotless bone anchors. Materials and methods: We retrospectively evaluated 12 patients with Atzei 2/3 foveal lesions of the triangular fibrocartilage complex with an average follow-up of 18 months. All the lesions were repaired arthroscopically using a fibrocartilage guide and knotless bone anchors. The ranges of motion and grip strength were assessed with the Mayo Clinic wrist scale and the DASH questionnaire. Results: Improvements were obtained in the pain and strength test; the average range of motion was 70° in extension, 85° in flexion, 20° in radial deviation, and 30° in ulnar deviation. The outcomes according to the Mayo Clinic wrist scale were excellent in 83% of the cases and good in 17%; there were no poor outcomes. The average DASH score was 56 preoperatively and 8 postoperatively. The average contralateral comparative strength was 70%. Conclusion: The arthroscopic repair of Atzei 2/3 lesions with knotless bone anchors achieves good outcomes, improves ranges of motion, and restores stability and total or partial strength in all cases. Level of Evidence: IV

Luxofracturas radiocarpianas: evaluación retrospectiva de una serie de casos / Radiocarpal fracture-dislocation. Retrospective evaluation of a case series

Introducción: Las luxofracturas radiocarpianas consisten en la pérdida total de contacto entre las superficies articulares de la primera fila del carpo y del radio. Se producen por traumatismos de alta energía. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar retrospectivamente una serie de casos para comparar la incidencia de estas lesiones, el manejo terapéutico y los resultados funcionales con la bibliografía publicada por centros de referencia en esta enfermedad. Materiales y métodos: Entre febrero de 2018 y junio de 2020, se evaluó, en forma retrospectiva, a pacientes con luxofractura radiocarpiana, clasificada en tipos I y II según Dumontier. Criterios de inclusión: hombres y mujeres >18 años con luxofractura radiocarpiana cerrada o abierta y un seguimiento mínimo de 3 meses. Se llevó a cabo un seguimiento clínico/por imágenes mediante radiografías, el cuestionario DASH, la escala de muñeca modificada de la Clínica Mayo, la escala analógica visual para dolor y el PSQ-18. Resultados: Se evaluó a 8 pacientes con 9 lesiones, y un seguimiento promedio de 8 meses. Las luxaciones eran 4 tipo I y 5 tipo II. Todos fueron operados. Según valores finales, hubo 2 resultados excelentes, 6 buenos/aceptables y uno pobre. Conclusión: El mejor método para el tratamiento definitivo es quirúrgico. La correcta clasificación y el estudio de la enfermedad tienen un rol fundamental en la toma de decisiones terapéuticas. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Introduction: Radiocarpal fracture-dislocations consist of the total loss of contact between the articular surfaces of the first row of the carpus and the radius. They are caused by high-energy trauma. The purpose of the work is to retrospectively evaluate a series of cases to compare the incidence of these lesions, their therapeutic management and functional outcomes with the literature published by reference centers in this pathology. Materials and methods: Between February 2018 and June 2020 we retrospectively evaluated patients with radiocarpal fracture-dislocations, which were classified into groups I and II according to Dumontier. Inclusion criteria: males and females over 18 years of age with closed or open radiocarpal fracture-dislocations with a minimum follow-up of 3 months. A clinical/imaging follow-up was carried out using radiographs, the DASH questionnaire (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand), Modified Mayo Wrist Score, visual analog scale (VAS) and Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire Short Form (PSQ-18). Results: Eight patients with nine lesions with an average follow-up of 8 months were evaluated. Lesions were grouped into type I (4) and type II (5). All were surgically operated. According to the final values, outcomes were excellent in two cases, good/acceptable in six, and poor in one. Conclusion: We believe that the best method for definitive treatment is surgical. The correct classification and study of the pathology will play a fundamental role in making therapeutic decisions. Level of Evidence: IV

Impactación cubitocarpiana / Ulnocarpal impaction

El objetivo de este artículo es actualizar los conocimientos sobre la impactación cubitocarpiana y su tratamiento. Estudios clásicos sobre la biomecánica del borde cubital de la muñeca han demostrado que los cambios milimétricos en la relación de longitud entre el cúbito y el radio alteran significativamente la transferencia de cargas entre los huesos del carpo, el radio y el cúbito. Así, un aumento relativo en la longitud del cúbito generará una carga excesiva sobre la articulación cubitocarpiana que producirá un espectro de cambios degenerativos progresivos en el domo cubital, el semilunar, el piramidal y el complejo del fibrocartílago triangular que finalizarán con artrosis cubitocarpiana y radiocubital distal. La impactación cubitocarpiana, en sus diversos estadios degenerativos, se puede tratar mediante osteotomías que buscan descomprimir la carga cubitocarpiana. Las osteotomías pueden ser extrarticulares o intrarticulares. Entre las extrarticulares, están las diafisarias, las metafisarias sin exposición articular (subcapitales) y las metafisarias distales con exposición articular y, entre las intrarticulares, la cirugía de resección en oblea (wafer), que reseca cartílago y hueso subcondral del domo cubital, y puede ser un procedimiento abierto o artroscópico. Si hay artrosis radiocubital distal, solo se podrá tratar con cirugías de rescate, como Darrach, Sauvé-Kapandji, Bowers, o una prótesis radiocubital distal. Estas técnicas de osteotomía se han analizado detalladamente para lograr definir sus ventajas y desventajas. Finalmente se propone una forma de tipificar la impactación cubitocarpiana, cuyo objetivo es orientar al lector hacia el mejor tratamiento posible, avalado por la bibliografía actual. Nivel de Evidencia: V

The purpose of this article is to provide updated knowledge about ulnocarpal impaction syndrome (UCIS) and its treatment. Classic studies on biomechanics of the ulnar side of the wrist have shown that millimetrical changes in the relative lengths of the ulna and the radius significantly alter the load transmission between the carpal bones, the radius and the ulna. Thus, an increase in the relative length of the ulna will generate an excessive load on the ulnocarpal joint, which will produce a spectrum of progressive degenerative changes in the ulnar dome, lunate, triquetrum, and the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC), that will lead to ulnocarpal and distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) osteoarthritis. In its various degenerative stages, UCIS can be treated with osteotomies that seek to decompress the ulnocarpal load. These can be extra-articular or intra-articular. Within the extra-articular osteotomies, we find the diaphyseal, metaphyseal without joint exposure (subcapital), and the distal metaphyseal with joint exposure. Within the intra-articular ones, we find the wafer procedure, which resects the cartilage and subchondral bone of the ulnar dome, and can be performed either openly or arthroscopically. If there is associated DRUJ osteoarthritis, it can only be treated with salvage surgeries such as the Darrach, Sauvé-Kapandji, and Bowers procedures, or a DRUJ arthroplasty. These osteotomy techniques will be analyzed in detail in order to define their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, we propose a way to typify the UCIS to guide the reader towards the best possible treatment supported by current literature. Level of Evidence: V

Fracturas marginales volares de radio distal: fijación con clavijas adicionales a la placa volar / Volar marginal fragment in distal radius fractures. Pin fixation in addition to volar plate

Introducción: El tratamiento de las fracturas de muñeca con placas volares bloqueadas puede ser insuficiente para las fracturas con fragmentos volares marginales distales a la línea de inserción distal del pronador cuadrado, sitio de inserción de importantes ligamentos. Objetivo: Evaluar la reproducibilidad de la técnica y los resultados del tratamiento de fracturas marginales volares de radio distal con clavijas, capturando el fragmento volar y dejándolas debajo de la placa volar bloqueada de radio distal. Materiales y Métodos: La técnica quirúrgica utiliza una o varias clavijas para fijar el fragmento volar semilunar del radio distal, bloqueándolas debajo de la placa. Inicialmente efectuamos una simulación cadavérica. Luego, realizamos un estudio retrospectivo que incluyó a 7 pacientes con fracturas de radio distal intrarticular con un fragmento marginal volar distal a la línea de la orilla, tratados entre septiembre de 2014 y febrero de 2015. El promedio de edad era de 53 años, y el del seguimiento, de 16 meses. Se obtuvieron radiografías en sucesivos controles. Al alta se evaluaron el rango de movilidad, la fuerza de prensión y dos puntajes funcionales. Resultados: Todas las fracturas consolidaron satisfactoriamente manteniendo la reducción del fragmento marginal volar. No hubo casos con inestabilidad radiocubital inferior como secuela. Conclusión: La fijación adicional del fragmento marginal volar lunar del radio con clavijas dobladas por debajo de la placa ofrece una alternativa de estabilización sencilla, económica y adecuada para suplir la fijación de un fragmento que la placa sola no estabilizaría adecuadamente. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Introduction: Wrist fracture management with volar locking plates may be insufficient in fractures with volar marginal fragments distal to the line insertion of the pronator quadratus, the insertion site of important ligaments. Objective: To evaluate the reproducibility and results for the treatment of volar marginal fragment in distal radius fractures with a technique of pin fixation, capturing the fragment and securing them under the distal radius volar locking plate. Materials and Methods: The surgical technique uses one or more pins for the fixation of the volar lunate facet fragment in the distal radius, securing the pins under the locking plate. We initially performed a cadaveric simulation. Then we conducted a retrospective study on 7 patients with distal radius intra-articular fractures and volar marginal fragments distal to the watershed line, treated between September 2014 and February 2015. The average age was 53 years, and the average follow-up was 16 months. Radiographs were obtained in successive controls. Range of motion, grip strength, and 2 functional scores were assessed at discharge. Results: All fractures healed successfully maintaining reduction of the volar marginal fragment. There were no cases of postoperative distal radio ulnar joint instability. Conclusion: Additional fixation of volar marginal fragment in distal radius fractures with bent pins under the plate provides an easy, affordable and adequate alternative to supply the adequate fragment stabilization that plate-alone techniques do not achieve. Level of Evidence: IV

Luxación inveterada del semilunar / Inveterate Lunate Dislocation

RESUMEN Las fracturas-luxaciones carpianas son lesiones poco frecuentes que ocurren tras traumatismos de alta energía y que, inicialmente, muchas veces pasan desapercibidas. Se presenta un paciente de 32 años de edad, masculino, que había sido atendido seis semanas antes en la consulta de trauma tras caer de una altura aproximada de 6 metros. Se diagnosticó luxación aislada del semilunar y se le realizó carpectomía parcial. La evolución fue satisfactoria, el paciente se incorporó a su vida social activa a las 16 semanas del acto operatorio. Tras un año de evolución presentó dolor leve y ocasional(AU)

ABSTRACT Carpal fracture-dislocations are rare injuries that occur after high-energy trauma and that, initially, often go unnoticed. A case of a 32-year-old male patient is reported, he had been treated six weeks earlier in the trauma clinic after falling from a six meter height approximately. An isolated lunate dislocation was diagnosed and partial carpectomy was performed. The evolution was satisfactory, the patient joined his active social life 16 weeks after the operation. After a year of evolution, he showed mild and occasional pain(AU)

Wrist Arthroscopy in Athletes / Artroscopia de punho em atletas

Abstract Arthroscopy is a surgical technique whose indication for wrist injuries has grown in recent years. Athletes are subject to traumatic injury to the wrist due to training overload or the intensity of the activity during competition. The need of a quick return to sports practice makes arthroscopy a very useful minimally invasive technique in these situations. The authors present indications of sports-related injuries to the wrist that can be treated by arthroscopy. A literature review is also presented.

Resumo A artroscopia é uma técnica cirúrgica que tem sido cada vez mais usada para a abordagem de lesões no punho. Atletas estão sujeitos a lesões traumáticas no punho devido à sobrecarga de treinamento ou à intensidade da atividade em competição. A necessidade de retornar o mais breve possível à pratica esportiva faz da artroscopia uma técnica minimamente invasiva muito útil nessas situações. Os autores apresentam as principais indicações de tratamento de lesões esportivas por artroscopia. Foi feita uma revisão da literatura.

Fractura metafisaria de radio distal asociada a una fractura de escafoides, en un adolescente de 14 años / Distal radius fracture combined with scaphoid fracture, in a 14-year-old teenager / Fratura metafisária do rádio distal associada a uma fratura escafóide em adolescente de 14 anos

La asociación entre fractura de radio distal y fractura de escafoides es una asociación infrecuente, en la presentación inicial, pasa inadvertida muchas veces la fractura a nivel de escafoides. El diagnóstico precoz nos permite un correcto tratamiento evitando posibles complicaciones en la evolución. Se presenta el caso de un adolescente de 14 años con dicha asociación lesional. Se le realizó reducción cerrada y fijación percutánea con alambres de Kirschner a nivel del radio distal y se trató la fractura de escafoides, de forma ortopédica, con yeso antebraquipalmar con inclusión del primer dedo. Se obtuvo la consolidación de ambos focos con excelentes resultados clínicos.

The association between distal radius fracture and scaphoid fracture is a rare association, in many cases the scaphoid fracture can be overlooked at the initial presentation. The early diagnosis allows a correct treatment avoiding possible complications in the follow-up. The case of a 14-year-old teenager with this association is presented. Closed reduction and percutaneous fixation was performed with Kirschner Wires at distal radius fracture, the scaphoid fracture was treated orthopedically with short-arm thumb spica cast. Consolidation of both fractures was obtained with excellent clinical results.

A associação entre fratura do rádio distal e fratura do escafoide é uma associação pouco freqüente; na apresentação inicial, a fratura do escafóide geralmente passa despercebida. O diagnóstico precoce nos permite um tratamento correto, evitando possíveis complicações na evolução. É apresentado o caso de um adolescente de 14 anos com essa associação lesional. Ele foi submetido a redução fechada e fixação percutânea com fios de Kirschner no raio distal, e a fratura do escafóide foi tratada ortopedicamente com um molde de antebraço incluindo o primeiro dedo. A consolidação de ambos os focos foi obtida com excelentes resultados clínicos.

Free Flow-through Anterolateral Thigh Flaps for Wrist High-tension Electrical Burns: A Retrospective Case Series / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Objective@#The objective of this report was to demonstrate the clinical application of free flow-through anterolateral thigh flaps for the treatment of high-tension electrical wrist burns.@*Methods@#We collected the data of 8 patients with high-tension electrical wrist burns admitted to Beijing Jishuitan Hospital from January 2014 to December 2018. The clinical and pathological data were extracted from electronic hospital medical records. We obtained follow-up information through clinic visits.@*Results@#The injury sites for all 8 patients were the wrists, specifically 5 right and 3 left wrists, all of which were on the flexor side. Five patients had ulnar artery embolism necrosis and patency, with injury to the radial artery. Two patients had ulnar and radial arterial embolization and necrosis. The last patient had ulnar arterial embolization and necrosis with a normal radial artery. After debridement, the wound area ranged from 12 cm × 9 cm to 25 cm × 16 cm. The diagnoses for the eight patients were type II to type III high-tension electrical wrist burns. Free flow-through anterolateral thigh flaps (combined with great saphenous vein transplantation if necessary) were used to repair the wounds. The prognosis for all patients was good after six months to one year of follow-up.@*Conclusion@#Treating wrist types II and III high-tension electrical burns is still challenging in clinical practice. The use of free flow-through anterolateral thigh flaps (combined with great saphenous vein transplantation if necessary) to repair the wound and to restore the blood supply for the hand at the same time is a good choice for treating severe wrist electrical burns.